Briefing the Burmese Rohingya Crisis on World Refugee Day - 20th June 2014

this report is prepared for the record of Rohingya..

Briefing the Burmese Rohingya Crisis

on

World Refugee Day - 20^th June 2014

Compile by Habib

Edited by M.S.K Jilani (USA) & Sadek (Malaysia)

                                                                     published by

We, National Democratic Party for Human Rights (NDPHR-exile), would like to raise serious concern over ongoing humanitarian crises of Arakan which is heavily contributed by the quasi-civilian government.

The outstanding Rohingya problem is being an issue of massive atrocities and crimes against humanity that remain unsolved like before. This is just a part of the central ruler's rigorous objective of Burmanization and Buddization and ongoing systematic abuses are considered to be ethnic-cleansing with the action of genocide that are indeed serious concerning for security, safety and existence of minorities.

Historically, the attacks against muslims of Arakan are very vigilant since military came into power from 2nd March of 1962, Rohingya have been slowly driven out from homelands, strucking-off from every political, social, economic chapter and citizenship even to become new citizen or aliens or foreigner under new citizenship act. It is total denial of the right to have rights and recognition of Rohingya, is the government's latest attempt to completely expel the Rohingya from homeland and termination either. The country rulers have succeeded its constitutional task of expulsion of Rohingya in several occasions. Progressively, similar pogrom will be launched on other minorities, soon. The government has three main objectives behind the pogrom of ethnic cleansing; to keep the Arakan under its military rule with the claim of unstable situation, to establish non-muslim state and to Burmanize the Rakhine people. While Rakhine people have own objective to establish Rakhine Independence state throughout disadvantaging with racial enmity.

The central governments' direct involvement in full repression and forceful eviction operations against Rohiongya minority are recorded commonly in 1967, 1978, 1991  and mass killings of Rohingya youths from Maundaw in 1994/95 and 2002. The latest state sponsor pogrom over Rohingya and Kaman muslims of Arakan and later expansion up to across central Burma, is quite similar crises that occurred in 1942 and 1949 which were led by the top nationalist leaders. This pogrom is jointly sponsored by the country ruler and organized by its authorities, nationalist politicians, bias academics, radical monks, naughty Rakhine businessmen and extremist Rakhine people who do not satisfy with the existences of Rohingya despite Rohingyas have been long rooted in Arakan date back to 7th Century AD.

The ethnic cleansing against defenseless unarmed Rohingya in Arakan from June 2012 following with a huge misinformation and fabrication on the situation.. The government doesn't willing to normalize the situation nor restored peace and stability. The government and Rakaine state minster who is also Rakhine people party-RNDP's leader and high-ranking authorities are officially preventing supplying food and or finding or managing foods of Rohingya victims. Local journal and online news, Rakhine- politicians, monks, historians and teachers are openly declaring that they could not share their lands, waters, foods and any resource for Rohingya, not any more. High ranking authorities said that they don’t want to see any Kala in the town and Rohingya or Bengali or Kala could not be owner of anything in Burma. Now, authority are replacing Rakhine people in Rohingya lands which were burnt down.

However, the world is silently listening the echo of the military government that has quieted the 60 million population for five decades, wisely pretends to be uncontrollable the situation while the local jingoist media sided to neglect the ongoing violence by repeating to blame with a fabricated murder case of individual whereas the kangaroo court additionally contributed by instantly handing down the decision of death sentence upon the victims of suspected murders without justification and accessing of legal procedures.

Surprisingly, there is no mechanism has yet able to enhance the country ruler to halt such abuses, abide by international norms and even to normalize the situation. Instead, the quasi-civilian ruler is praised in the name of the so call democracy transition which allows open genocide filed.

Despite President Thein Sein has characterized the events as 'communal violence, a deliberately misleading term designed to conceal the State's involvement in the massacres of the Rohingyas and placate and curtail intl pressures and undermine the crises.¹ Obviously, the government’s involvement and contributions into the crisis are very clear based on:

• 1) Imposing Curfew and Order on only Rohingya while Rakhine people are freely allowed to carry out various attacks, looting goods and cash even harden woods and pillars and torching fires.
• 2) Allowing security forces to shoot the Rohingyas, not arresting a single armed Rakhine.
• 3) Seizing lands of Rohingyas which were burnt down and disposing them into concentration camps.
• 4) Blocking aid and foods, attacking aid workers then compelling to die from starvation.
• 5) Denying their rights to have rights such as medicare, education, relocation, movement.
• 6) President Thein Sein asking the United Nation to relocate Rohingya in a third country.
• 7) Fabricating false news: the local Burmese news groups and anti-Rohingya bloggers are able to report the way they like and play a major role of bias through inciting anti-Rohingya propagandas and portraying the Rohingyas as they want and provide reverse information.
• 8) Forcing to accept foreigner identity in the mid of humanitarian crisis.

From the beginning of the violence in June 2012, Rohingyas are additionally rendered to homeless from stateless, shelter-less and letting to die from starvation by central government while arbitrary abuses such as summary execution, extortion, arrest and detention. Again, Rohingyans those came out from homes were brutally beaten and slaughtered and those fleeing were shot fires regardless of women or children. Plus, sexual abuses, looting goods and cash.. The authority had not arrested a single Rakhine those violently involved in the riots and dozens of street people Rakhines those detained from Sittwe and Kyaukatw were also released within a week. As well as, acting Rakhine leaders and local security forces who are also Rakhine are jointly attacked against defenseless unarmed Rohingyans. A few Rakhines those apprehanded from Sittwe, Kyauktaw and Maungdaw were also released after days. Beside, police authority are arresting Rohingya elders and youths from every village of Sittwe, Maungdaw, Rathedaung and Kyauktaw townships and framing them with false charges.

Moreover, after ignorence of noble laureate Aung San Suu Kyi and most of her party members including 88 generation spokesman Ko Ko Gyi, paved the monks and Rakhine leaders to actively portray the wrong image of Rohingya and incite widely throughout distribution of leaflets and delivering speeches across all over Arakan.

Between 8^th June and 20^th Oct² 2012, the death toll of Rohingyan exceeds 10,000 from Sittwe township alone and a few thousands covering from Maungdaw, Rathedaung and Kyauktaw townships. Most of them were shot dead, brutally beaten to death, burnt alive and killings of thousands of the rest of those taken away by security forces into hidden areas. About 16,000 of Rohingya houses and at least (57) mosques from (70) villages across (8) different towns of Sittwe, Maungdaw, Rathedaung, Kyauktaw, Rambre, Myebon, Pauktaw and Ponnagyuan townships were burnt down and more than (100,000) Rohingyas are displaced and shelter-less in these regions. Some evidence photos are available on the flicker. Additionally from 20 Oct 2012³, the vigilant attacks by Rakhine people caused-about (6,000) houses plus at least (35) mosques were burnt down and about (1,000) people including about 20 Rakhines were also died in six different towns- Minbya, Mrauk U, Kyaukpyu, Myebon, Pauktaw and Rambre towns of Southern Arakan state. The dead bodies of 178 those found in Mrauk U town alone were buried in the graveyard of Yainetay (Zula Fara) village..

From 19 Nov 2012 to end of the year, the village has more than 58 houses and the Nasaka personnel have already driven out from the village with open fire, then the Rakhines set on fire the village at 20:00 hour after listening the news at 20:00 hour from Burma broadcasting service. Arbitrary arrest warrants of Rohingyas in Maung Daw with the baseless accusations, arresting with false allegation at last setting fire of properties.

For the year 2013: setting fire of Rohingya own shops total numbering 102 and about 100 houses, destroying 3 mosques, shooting fired killing at least 50 Rohingyas and Kaman muslims one of the occasion was brutally killing of 10 Rohingya and another occasion on 8 Jan 2013 where a group of 70 Rohingya families from Kyauktaw crossed the mountain to come to Buthidaung (particularly to Fuimali village) were killed.

Other 50 houses and a mosques of Aindaw village along there those were abandoned by muslim villagers from last year, were also burn down by following morning on 30 Sept 2013.

From 26 July, conducting regular nighttime raids to confiscate laptops and smart-phones, detention Rohingya leaders and rights activist including Rohingya MP Nominee of 1992, rights activist Aung Win, Dr. Tun Aung, Cyber activist youth Maung Than Shwe and mass arrest of those fleeing violence and persecution in Arakan state, were detained by Burmese authorities in Thai-Burma border.

Extortion, establishing Model Villages to populate the Rohingya majority areas of Arakan by the Rakhaine and Buddhists people, mass rape by Burmese security forces in a remote village, Killing of Rohingya minor children, and Rohingya villagers who were arrested by the security force after 8 June bigoted violence between Rakhine and Rohingya, were sentenced to 10 years jail.

(Photo: Salem News, Bulldozer team arrived at Sittwe from Yangon)

In some point the government forces frankly replied that they are unable to control them from continuously occupying the territory and waging attacks against Rohingya people.

From January 2014, many innocent Rohingyas were inhumanely beaten to death by both local Rakhine people and authorities. Mass killing of 78 Rohingyas from Kyauktaw township, 11 Rohingyas from Minbya and Mrauk-U townships, Duechiradan villagers of Maungdaw township killed around 50 innocent Rohingyas and mass raped of women/girls and destroyed many homes were destroyed and their properties were looted, arbitrarily arrested many Rohingyas and yet 300 people are still missing are believed to have massacred. A few Rohingyas were also injected to death by hospital staffs, gang raped by authorities, forced vacation and forced labor, at least a hundred houses and shops were burned down

From 8 of June 2012, total destruction across 11 different townships of Arakan, reached at 97 mosques, about 23,000 houses. Death toll over 12,000 and nearly 200,000 people displaced and number of arbitrary detention reached at least 12,00 Rohingyas and Kaman muslims mainly from Maungdaw, Buthidaung and Sittwe townships. Many religious building and brick made homes of Rohingya were just half destructed from the attacks of Rakhines but government sent bulldozer team from Yangon to cleans all remnant building belong to Rohingya.

In advance, waters, electric, foods are cut-off and restriction imposed in Rohingya villages since 3^rd of June. So, it is all about well-planned ethnic-cleansing pogrom systematically turned into religious violence. Likewise, the government also shows its sympathy by setting up about 24 relief centres across various towns and contributing aid to those attacker Rakhines' family members. While three is no consideration at all about homeless Rohingya victims of women, children and those injuries who are starving day by day.
In deed, there were no displaced Rakhines at all in the other towns except from Rakhines who were from the model villages of Maungdaw township that relocated on the Rohingya people' lands under model village settlement program of the government in the late 1991. These Rakhines are also know as Natala villagers. Those displaced Rakhines in Maungdaw are less than 1,000 people from total burnt down houses about 100 and they already received enough foods and goods from the government including those looted from Rohingya and from the beginning they are separately placed in 4 miles area. But within two days (8-10 June) authority gathered Rakhines from Buthidaung and Rathedaung as much as they can. Whenever international visitors paid visit to Maungdaw Town, they only visited the Buddhist refugees by the local guidance. In Sittwe, the displaced Rakhines are less than 500 total from about 50 houses down houses in Mingan village.

From 22 Aug 2012, the high ranking authorities are pressuring the Yangon based muslim organizations to organize  a rally against UN envoy and foreign intervention. Authority said that they should do if they want to stay peacefully in the country. The government's own admission, at least 75% of those arrested in Rakhine State since June have been Muslims; no government officials, monks, or security forces have been arrested. Likewise, while 25 Buddhists were sentenced for their roles in anti-Muslim violence in Meiktila. Among them, there were no government officials or state security forces among them.

Today Rohingyas are totally excluded from Burma and fell into the worst of the worst part of tragic. The case of Rohingyas is a mix of similarities that have happen over history like; APARTHEID, SLAVERY & RACISM, EXTERMINATION.. For decades, Rohingyas have been oppressed, victimized and terrorized by the both government authorities and Rakhine people. You may probably aware that the civilian quasi-government may be fancily viewed as reformist but historically the central rulers let the nationalists lead against Rohingya during prior to independence, the military involved in direct cleansings of Rohingya and lately utilizing Rakhine people.
 

Let assume Rohingyans are Aliens (or) Illegals (or) Darks (or) Kalars. Should they be killed, tortured, and dehumanized? Would their existences be demolished? Would their religion be insulted? Would their religious building be turned into monastery?

Armed Rakhines await after setting fire of Rohingya houses-  

The vigilant attacks spread into even in central Burma with the lead of ex-prisoner monk Wirathu⁴, destruction and threats have been taken place in Miktila and Ramitin townships of Mandalay region, Hlaing Tharyar, South Dagon, Tharkaytha townships of Yangon region and various anti-muslim propaganda are widely going on. Only about 17 muslim families living in Paletwa township of Chin state are also still confined over a year as a result of it is situated along with the Kaladen River connected to Arakan.

Myanmar's failure to effectively address abuses in Rakhine State has had a pernicious effect, paving the way for the spread of anti-Muslim sentiment and state-sponsored anti-Muslim violence. In March, suspiciously well-orchestrated attacks against Muslims - sparked by trivial altercations - erupted in six townships in Mandalay Regions and eight townships in Pegu Regions, Magwe and Saigaing regions, displacing about 35,000 Muslims and killing more than a hundred, including mass killing of 36 mostly teenagers in the small town of Meiktila. It was later spread to Lashio in Shan State. In each case, security forces supported.

Arms such as arrows, guns and fuels escalated from attacks are the same brand mark that means they were made earlier and one factory made. So far no report has mentioned about such details.

(one factory made arrow hit at the bamboo wall of a Rohingya house)

The worst is that Rohingya, Kaman and Rakhine muslims of all over Arakan state are also facing food shortage from the beginning as a result of the government still impose confinement onto them.

Repeated the MRTV's conspiracy about 29 arrested Barugwa.⁵ Here is a popular report of June 2012 hiding the reality.

 

When two groups of 29 Barugua (Maramagyi and Hindu religions) people who also spoke the same language of Rohingya and have similar facial appearance were red-handed with knives and explosive bottles, the Burmese officials and local media openly lied by expression that the authority has captured the 29 terror armed Bengali/Rohingya. Sadly, intl news reports also widely reported without justification such as 'a group of 29 Rohingyas who tended to revenge were captured'.. All of them are still detained in Sittwe Prison without court hearing because it could reveal reality once these 29 people would be appeared in the court as non-Rohingyas and now the authority even not dare to release them.

It is the nature of falsehoods of the government officials and its media that have been well known to the world. For eg, how the government official reported during Cyclone Nargis of Irrawaddy Delta in 2008, and Depayin Massacre of 30 May 2013. However, it seems the intl rapporteurs have not gone deeper into Burma chapter and their reports underestimated the crises or poorly calculated. Let compare about Sittwe township where about 90,000 Rohingya people found displaced. Were they lived 22 persons per house as every report mentioned about 4,000 houses burnt down there? And how about 50,000 other displaced in (7) different towns- Maungdaw, Rathedaung, Kyauktaw, Pauktaw, Rambre, Myebon and Ponnagyuan and how many thousand houses were destructed in these regions? The government also fancily described the list of Causalities and Destruction in order to balance up by putting as- "the number of casualties on both sides at 77 dead and 109 injured, 4,822 houses, 17 mosques, 15d monasteries and three schools were destroyed, some 14,328 Arakanese Buddhists and 30,740 Rohingya Muslims have been affected and are currently living in 89 temporary camps".

Remember it is genocide but not clashes, nor melee. The International staffs of INGOs had to manage to escape for their own life and UN chief quoted to rescue them. The total contribution of destruction and causalities is higher than what we thought. It is well planned genocide and the dead bodies of more than 10,000 Rohingyas were completely hidden. Some dead bodies found around the graveyard, remote areas and floating along the beach were also not allowed to bury. The government is worry the Rohingyas could gather some evidence of them therefore Rohingyas are still confined. The truth will not be revealed without the international communities’ independent inquiry.

The rest about 65,000 shelter-less mulsim victims comprising Rohingyas, Kaman and Rakhine muslims in Maungdaw, Rathedaung, Kyauktaw, Pauktaw, Rambre, Myebon and Ponnagyuan towns are also still compelled to die from starvation, summary inhumane abuses and executions going on in Maungdaw, Buthidaung and Rathedaung towns. And no aid group has visited up to August. Additional death toll from Southern Arakan who were killed on board and on land during they escaped, were not yet collected.

Defiance attacks and burning down houses were continued⁶ even on the time of visitations by UN envoys Nambiar and Quintana visits and U.S. president Obama. UN itself has o power to visit effected areas and Rohingyas but later allowed but was after removal of dead bodies and other evidences.

{“Rakhines gangly going to Rohingya village” More photos available at-  (http://www.flickr.com/photos/thesail/)}

(Buddhist monks hold a banner as they protest against the opening of Organization of Islamic Cooperation (OIC) offices in Myanmar on 15 Oct, in front of the city hall in Yangon. -Reuters Photo)

The 18 demands made in Mayu Conference held in Rathedaung town on 25-26 Sept, includes;

• to prescribed an effective law for controlling the birth rate of Rohingya,
• to put restrictions on the immovable properties of non-citizens, to form and deploy People's Militia with modern weapons in all villages of Rakhine,
• to materialize exact practice on 1982 citizenship law,
• to remove the muslim villages along the main communication streams in the Rakhine state and also to remove the surrounding Muslim villages of Sittwe University.

A leaflet Inciting letter of The Youth Association of Monk, Sittwe Town, Rakhine state to- Rakhine people not to do business, associate and communicate with Kalars.

 

Today Rohingyas are totally excluded from Burma and fell into the worst of the worst part of tragic. Rakhine people plus nationalists are badly opposing Rohingya. They do not sympathize in line with religion nor humanity. For decades, Rohingyas have been oppressed, victimized and terrorized by the both government authorities and Rakhine people. You may probably aware that the civilian quasi-government may be fancily viewed as reformist but historically the central rulers let the nationalists lead against Rohingya during prior to independence, the military involved in direct cleansings of Rohingya and lately utilizing Rakhine people.

“Empower to Massacre”

Unlike we know, the Rakhine people have a well-planned to begin attacks on Arakanese muslim people national Democratic Party (RNDP) led by Dr. Aye Maung invited at least a thousand of armed Bengali Rakhines from Bangladesh into Arakan and additionally recruited tens of thousands of Rakhine people from Taungup, Tandwe and Gwa townships that includes members of Arakan Liberation Party (ALP). They were brought to Sittwe and Buthidaung township in several boats and those arrived in Sittwe were accommodated along the roadside of Sittwe Point and near the Jetty. Rakhines those entered from Bangladesh have brought muslim religious dresses and arms that was why they able to portray with wearing muslim dresses during the attacks. If the local authority, military forces and border immigration forces did not involve, how these Rakhine people able to move grouply into designated area when gathering of more than 3 people and illegal immigration from foreign are officially restricted in Burma?

The scene of protest at No.(1) Polcie Station of Sittwe on 2 June evening, causing death of two members of protesters and a police. Causing death of two Rakhines and a police after challenging between two Rakhine gangs sparked from tender was another factor that Rakhine people strongly believed it was caused from Nazi market of Rohingya and so they altered the matter as racial hatre and instigated across Sittwe town. Meanwhile, A tender of taxation of Nazi market was took place in Nazi village in between 25 and 27 of May and it was finally handed to Thein Shwe (aka) Balagyi with 500 Lakhs Kyat who have close affiliation with Rohingya and shared with a government partisan educated Rohingya, Khin Maung Hla from Nazi village who is also responsible for selling of the biggest muslim cemetery to the Rakhine State Command Commander in 2009. Another trader Aung Tan Wei who live in the Minbargyi Street was unhappy with authority’s partial mode and made confrontation with Balagyi gang therefore he was detained by police on 2 June and released shortly with condition. However, his members staged a protest in front of No.(1) station with about 300 people on 4 June, in response to arrest of their boss (Aung Tan Wei). So, the police cracked down harshly on the protesters by shooting rubber bullets, tear gases and arrested a few members.

The sectarian attacks turn to ethnic-cleansing that sparked from an unrelated a Rakhine girl (Ma Thida Htwe) dead in her own Rakhine village of Tha-bray-chaung ward of Kyauknimaw village on 28 May 2012. The doctor who examined the dead body did not find any evidence of rape however he was forced to declare as the authority want. After the Rakhine members of "Wanthanu Rakheta Association" distributed leaflets of blaming Muslim on the day of 3 June early morning in Taungup township, ten Muslim pilgrims were killed a head in a mob attacks by 300 Rakhine Buddhists in Taungup township on the same day.

Following this, several instant vigillant attacks took place to destruct the Foktoli mosque of the Nazi village, Sittwe/Akyab township during the mid-nights from the day of Taungup massacre of 10 Burmese muslim pilgrims on 3 June 2012 and largely from the day of the loss of two Rakhines and a police. However, they were unsuccessful and defeated by Rohingya villagers and local forces eventually interfered whenever Rohingya villagers strongly stood for defense.

A few days later in the afternoon of Friday- 8^th June in Maungdaw, a group of Rakhines and a few police were approached near the central mosque and standing sporadically on the event of where Rohingya people were usually gathering for Friday-prayer. Due to restriction of reconstruction or expansion of religious building, the existing mosque is small to host more than thousands of people praying at once on the time of Friday prayer and during holy religious days therefore many had to stand outside. But Rakhine people and police authority who were watching this event misunderstood about the gathering or it is a good point of ignition.

Shortly, around a hundred of Rakhine people gathered around the mosque and some Rakhines who speak Rohingya language were also listening to what Rohingya are praying. Soon, the riot forces surrounded the mosque and the Rohingya people who were praying. Presenting more police troops made another invigoration and incitement of the Rakhine people and began shouting and chanting with humiliating voices and throwing rocks into the congregation. When all Rohingya prayers came out from the mosque, the riot police forces started roughly intervention.

So, many Rohingyas were turned back to home but a group of about 300 hundred Rohingyas did not stop from going to Religious Propagation Centre of Myoma Kayandan village for congregation to pay respect for those 10 muslims brutally killed in Taungkup town on 3 June 2012. In the meantime, the police authority fired upside about 40 rounds and Rakhine people were instantly involved in attackings the mosque and some prayer Rohingyas, caused two Rohingyas died on the spot and several others seriously injured.

Rakhine people' involvement in this scene was created furious tense that mounted several confrontations and attacking against each other groups on the same day evening. In this manner, some Rakhine houses in Bomu village were touched that sent a shock wave across all over Arakan..

From the same night of 8^th June, the government authority deployed security forces in every Rohingya villages of all over Arakan state and confined them within the village. As well as, subsequently cutting off of the electricity and waters. Rakhines took that opportunities and armed deadly weapons of lethal knives, steaks and fuel bottles of patrol and then began violent attacks against unarmed defenceless Rohingyas in all over Arakan state. The local security forces who are also Rakhines were sided with their people and whenever Rohingyas tried to prevent from attacks and torching fires, local security forces opened fires at Rohingyas. Again, when Rohingyas were not coming out, the security forces shot fires into Rohingya houses and those came out were brutally beaten and slaughtered and those fleeing were shot fires regardless of women or children. Plus, sexual abuses, looting goods and cash were also took place spontaneously.

Rakhines took away every household tools even some good pillars of the houses before setting fires at Shwebya, Paiketay Yat (Fishing village), Mizan and Zayhaung Mawleik (Rohingya Fara) villages of Sittwe town.

(Photo: Salem News): Rakhines holding weapons during declaring of Act Of Law 144 inside the Sittwe town 

From the beginning, the government authorities did not install Curfew and Order on aggressive Rakhine people who are openly doing crimes. As well as, the local armed forces who were acting as security forces are allowed to shoot Rohingyas. It was almost one month from 8 June, the Rohingyas of Sittwe and secondly Rathedaung and thirdly Maungdaw towns were heavily attacked by both Rakhines and government security forces.

Rohingyans were ending-up between gun-fires of security forces and lethal knives of Rakhine people. This time they can’t escape because security forces rounded up all the way out, those hiding in remote areas were also slaughtered by Rakhines and security forces and then the navy forces are patrolling across the beach and eliminating them in the sea.

The dead bodies of a group of Rohingyas including kids, believed to be shot dead on broad}

Only a few thousands able to escape and the death toll of Rohingyan passed more than (10,000) from Sittwe town alone and a few thousands covering Maungdaw, Rathedaung and Kyauktaw townships. Most of them were shot dead, brutally beaten to death, burnt alive and killings of thousands of the rest of those taken away by security forces into hidden areas. In the meantime, police authority are arresting Rohingya elders and youths from every village of Sittwe, Maungdaw, Rathedaung and Kyauktaw townships and framing them with false charges. The dead bodies of more than 10,000 Rohingyas were completely hidden. Some dead bodies found around the graveyard, remote areas and floating along the beach were also not allowed to bury. The government is worry the Rohingyas could gather some evidence therefore confinement in placed.

Taking away Rohingyas in one of the occasions

Rakhines received enough foods and goods from the government including those looted from Rohingyas. Rakhines in Maungdaw town have been separately shifted to 4 miles area. But within two days (8-10 June), the authority gathered Rakhines from Buthidaung and Rathedaung as much as they can and wrongfully presented them as refugees. During UN envoy visited in Kyienchaung village of Maungdaw, the authority also presented a few Hindhu people who also speak Rohingya language as Rohingya and forcing them to say they are safe and the situation is normal.

 

Rohingyas Escaping of Sectarian Attacks Ending-up in the Prison:

As a result of the turbulent weather in the sea and additional intolerant treatment in Bangladesh, many survivor displaced Rohingyas are trying to reach into eastern Burma border by land after escaping from state sponsored genocide. Whenever they were captured, the local media including MR-tv always use draconian words such as 'a flock of illegal Bengali intruders captured'..

There are more than 150 Rohingyas in six different occasions were arrested in Kalay town (central Burma) from June 2012 and all are detained in Mon Rwa Prison of Sagaing division. According to reliable source, all of them were arrested by a newly formed organization call the “Myochit Lungay Aphwe” (Loyalist Youth Association) and handed over to police authority.⁷

There are total about 150 Rohingyas involving 52 persons were arrested in Kalay town from June 2012 and all are still detained in Mon Rwa Prison of Sagaing division. According the source, all of them were arrested by by a newly formed organization call the Myochit Lungay Aphwe (Loyalist Youth Association) and handed over to police authority.

A group of Rohigyas surrounded in Kalay town of Sagaing Division

There are many other arrested in the inland waters and seas are punished to death or unknown. Including a group of 130 Rohingyas who fled sectarian attacks arrested in an island of Gwa township of Arakan on 24 June. But a boat load of 78 Rohingyas recently captured in Kawtaung waters of Thaninthayi divison and lifted to Yangon and then transferred to Sittwe on 9 Nov.

On 8 Jan 2013- “A group of 70 Rohingya families from Kyauktaw crossed the mountain to come to Buthidaung (particularly to Fuimali village) due to unbearable situations there and starvation as Rakhines and the authorities blocked all sources of food supply to Rohingya people. On the way many including women and children were brutally killed and raped by Rakhines, Murung, and Naskaka. Many women were seen brought naked without clothes into the Fuimali villages by Nasaka as witnessed by many in the Fuimali markets.”⁸ Another group of 12 Rohingyas of Kyauktaw town were arrested by Police when they were entering into Nay Pyi Taw on 12 Feb 2013.

Rohingyas those took over by Rakhines were definitely executed. Some Rohingya those attempted to escape by boats through the sea were sank into the sea by firing launchers⁹ by navy forces and those captured in inland-waters were defined as illegal intruders and terrorists and then punished to unknown.

RNDP party openly declared the bounty reward for every dead Rohingya. He openly declared the displaced Rohingyas to sign the documents that state that they are illegal immigrants that have no claim to Burmese citizenship therefore to deport the Rohingya. When the Rohingya in the camp refused to sign the documents, the authority threatened the Rohingya victims that no signing would no aid ever made it through the blockades again including aid from foreign organizations. With cooperation of the governemtn, the RNDP has also begun encouraging Rakhine from Bangladesh and impoverished areas of the Arakan to move into Rohingya villages. While homeless Rohingya victims are not allowed to relocate on their lands, the authorities are planning to locate Rakhine people on the Rohingya people' lands by constructing new houses. From early February 2013, the project has been under scope and an Arakan state lawmaker from Sittwe U Aung Mra Kyaw said the project of 669 homes for homeless Buddhist refugees is being implemented at Sat Ro Kya Creek area which is former place of Nazi village situated along the creek.

brutally killing after tied-up

                             “Unwilling to normalize nor restore peace and stability”

Despite the violence by Rakhine people have been reduced for some moment, the atrocities of tyrant and arbitrary abuses that include raping women and girls, looting and vandalizing of properties and goods, extortion, arbitrary prosecution and punishment, summary execution of taking away, particularly in Northern Arakan-NRS of Maungdaw, Buthidaung and Rathedaung townships. The government and Rakaine state minster who is also Rakhine people party-RNDP's leader and high-ranking authorities are officially preventing supplying food and or finding or managing foods of Rohingya victims.

Rohingyas those remain in Arakan became homeless and confined as detainees with constant harassment and without foods. This time they lost everything. Weekly, at least 7 to 20 people mostly children and elder are additionally dying from starvation and lack of medication. They received no aid up to the first week of July. ¹⁰

The condition of very few Rohingyas, Kamans and Rakhine muslims living in the other regions of Kyauktaw, Rambre, Mrauk Oo, Minbya, Myebon, Pauktaw, Kyaukpu townships is unknown. UN Organizations do not have formal contact with these regions. Primarily, their lives and survival are much in the hands of local Rakhines and authorities. While the government officially banned food supply.

{In Oct 2012, Continuous protests asking the remaining Aungmingala Quarter to be relocated outside the Sittwe town. Another sign also asks to expel the Rohingya villages near the new college that in deed build on the farming lands of Rohingya of Furan Fara and opened from year 2000.} 

Rakhine Political parties agreed that they should have an army stronger than Kachin , their main demands are building a strong military of their own, autonomy and annihilation of Rohingya people. Unlike Kachin State, the government give chances to Rakhine, either government is developing racism or Rakhine Buddhists control the whole Myanmar; 90% of monks in Myanmar are Rakhine, most of them knew Bangali language , and most of have relatives in Bangladesh who are Bangladeshi.

On 16 Feb 2013, The Burmese government supplies ten guns to each Rakhine village in Northern Maungdaw. The Arakan Liberation Party (ALP) and Rakhine National Development Party (RNDP) formed a youth group having a leader to every Rakhine village who are under training with gun and long swords to attack Rohingya at any time.¹¹

Photo (Salem News): Government allows Rakhine community to have own Rakhine army forces  

Side by side, with corporation of the gov, the RNDP has also begun encouraging Rakhine from Bangladesh and impoverished areas of the Arakan to move into Rohingya villages. While homeless Rohingya victims are not allowed to relocate on their lands, the authorities are planning to locate Rakhine people on the Rohingya people' lands by constructing new houses. From early February 2013, the project has been under scope and an Arakan state lawmaker from Sittwe U Aung Mra Kyaw said the project of 669 homes for homeless Buddhist refugees is being implemented at Sat Ro Kya Creek area which is former place of Nazi village situated along the creek.

(designation letter of ALP for financing for emergency arms)

On the result of having restriction over foreign journalists, the local Burmese news groups and anti-Rohingya bloggers are able to report the way they like and play a major role of bias through inciting anti-Rohingya propagandas and portraying the Rohingyas as terrorists. They provide reverse informations by filming of-- the dead bodies of Rohingyans after defaming their faces and dressing-up the yellow-robes of monk; handing guns on captive Rohingyans; the fake actions of Rakhines by wearing muslim religious dresses; and rushing towards burning Rohingya houses and extinguishing fire by raising voices like their houses. Yangon Press International, VOA , RFA and other anti-Rohingya news agencies are among them and release fabricated news from the beginning. Those sorts of fabrications including an individual case of single murder case have been widely and repeatedly aired across the nation and trying to excuse the ongoing crime of Arakan.

                                               “No Perpatriator & Armed Gang Sentence”

Some Rakhines who led the violences village to village are escalated as below. These people are well known to Rohingya people and their famous receive well gratitude through Rakhine people' network.

From Sittwe township:

1) Shwe Tha Zin Hotel owner Tan Shwe,
2) Kiss Hotel owner Kyaw Thein (led in Nazi and Santoli),
3) Win Maunk umbrella shop owner,
4) Aung Thu Kha photo shop owner,
5) Shwe Nyo Nyo lottery and medicine shop owner,
6) Workers of Sein Video Hall,
7) U Maung Tan Hlaing from ward(2/Kha) of Min-Gan village, (who stage the riot firstly in Sittwe and taking refuge in Rwa U monastry of Min Gan village.)
8) Chairman U Tan Win of Aungmingala quarter,
9) RNDP member Balagyi,
10) Mg Thein (member former weight player) , 11) Sayadaw U Pinya Zya Ra (monk) who was imprisoned for similar riot creation in Sittwe during Feb 2001 after entered from Bangladesh.

From other towns:

1) Police officer Aung Kyaw Khant, the police officer U Than Tin, U Thai Lin Soe and Sergeant U Hla Myint and Paramilitary officer Than Htin from Maungdaw town.

2) Chief inspector U Tin Oo from Rathedaung township.

3) President Dr. Tun Aye of RNDP Kyauktaw..

from Rambre town:
1) the village clerk Mya Thaung
2) rich-man Mye Pu
3) trader Ango Chi (aka) Tan Tun
4) trader Yae Tun
5) police chief Kaung Thu
6) lawyer Ba Chaing, origin from Kyaukpyu town, and
7) Aye Maung from Rakhine party member

According to Burmese newspaper report of 21 July¹², the government and Rakhine party-RNDP have taken step to arm its Rakhine people. It said, "Associations like public military will be formed in Maungdaw. It will be formed by ethnic nationals to protect from different races' terrorizing". It is nothing more than another mode of promotion to exterminate remaining Rohingyas. It is one of the reason why armed Rakhine gangs were never faced sentenced despite they were captured in severe occasions as below:

• 1) A police patrol team found out 18 guns in the forest near Nyung Kron village under Let Way Dak village tract of Buthidaung Township 0n 12^th March 2013. The other Police personnel grabbed 28 hand-made guns in a valley near Pri long mountain range situated between Myauk Taung and Malar village on 14 March 2013 in Kyauk Taw Township where violence had occurred and slaughtered many Rohingyas. Simultaneously, they had got 29 guns more in the jungle of Alar Taung Mountain, five miles away from Nga Saung Bek village in Kyauk Taw. ¹³
• On 8 Feb, a boat load with about 200 arms, was apprehended by government military in a Rakhine village of Taungpauk village. Earlier this, about 20 items of hidden bombs in a Mro village call Athak Gauk Rwa, were discovered after a Mro-villager reported to military.¹⁴
• 2) A gang of Rakhines with six guns and explosives devices have been arrested by military forces in Khaungdok Rakhine village situated between two muslim villages of Falom and muslim-Khaungdok Kyauktaw town on 21 Aug 2012.
• 3) An armed gang of Rakhine with 14 automatic rifles, two pistols and huge of exclusives, have been arrested from Taung Bwe Rakhine village by military battalion-378 in Kyaukatw township on 9 Aug. As we received information, there were two more other armed gangs arrested from the same areas but they were unable to confirmed yet.
• 9 Rakhines from Nagaya village who were arrested with arms at around 18:00pm of 16 June and for involving in an arson attack of Rohingya village of Apaukwa (Aafok), were released after the protest of about 500 Rakhines protested in a park of Kyauktaw town on 17 June.
• 17 Rakhines wearing muslim religious dresses and leaving after attacking of Rohingya village- Khaungdok (Khondol), Kyaukataw town, were arrested by military on 17 June.
• The military arrested 4 armed Rakhines from Bakagonena field which is between three mile and Kawlizabanga village evening of 14 June. The armed four Rakhines confessed that there are other Rakhines with arms in Maungdaw.
• Army arrested 12 armed Rakhines -ex members of Arakan Liberation Party (ALP)- with 8 automatic Rifles and 8 long swords during the midnight of 13 June at Ngakura village of Maungdaw northern while they were climbing towards the bank of Purma river near by Khine Pin (Rakhine ) village. They went there by a rowing boat from Chowdary (Mritna Yawa) para under Teknaf Upazila, Bangladesh . After arrest, they were handed to the Burma border security force (Nasaka) Headquarters.
• In Nov 2012,  the Burmese army arrested 17 Rakhines with arms and ammunition at Burmese border security force (Nasaka) area number 1- a Rakhine village near the Bandullah camp.¹⁵

The author with the pseudonym "Marga Thitsar" of the article,at {Toe-Tat-Yay Newsletter (Volume 2, Issue 12), a political publication of the RNDP}, published in Nov 2012, titled "If Rakhine State Disintegrates" and featured in the Toe-Tat-Yay, hatefully insults Islam and Muslims of Myanmar.

 

Rakhines and the government authorities will judge whether Rohingyas are less human beings or not worth to live alive. The government practically disposing Rohingya into refugee camps and handing over to United Nation to find a third country by misclaiming security threat.

Relevant Information:
Historically, such cleansing pogroms were took place against Rohingya in years 1942, 1949, 167/68, 1978 and later of 1991. This time it's well organized that Rakhine people received direct supports from the government armed forces.
Rohingya people occasionally face intolerable violences are also part of the government's responsibility for strucking Rohingya from citizenship right under 1982-new citizenship law based on the changes of Rakhine state from Arakan state in 1974. Unlike we understand, the rejection of Rohingya is not relevant on settlement prior to 1948 or 1824 because Rohingyas do have sufficient evidences. But the rejection is based on the twist of Arakan to Rakhine because Arakan or Arakanese comprised all inhabitants within her when the term Rakhine only represent Rakhine people.Since Gwa, Taungup, Tandwe and Ponnagyuan townships defined as muslim-free-zones within Arakan state from year 1983, there were several hundreds of Rohingyans been killed in similar way in these regions and such crime will be continued to carry until the government implemented such draconian act.
This is a certain consequence in Rohingya history again very soon after Rakhine rebel group- "Arakan Liberation Party-ALP" entered into Arakan state. We don't know the secrecy of what type of promise established between Rakhine rebel-ALP and the government plan to exclude Rohingya from the next census which said to be conducted by 2014. Either, it is the tactic to dismay the democratization by means of military intervention.
The situation in Arakan is abusive and totally horror even in normal condition that every month at least hundred of Rohingyans were arrested with false charges and a few died during interrogation. Despite Rakhines people wrongfully describe Rohingyans are recent migrants, in deed in the past five decades there were no Rakhine settlement found in the territory of Northern Rakhine State. Today Rakhines those found in these regions were came from the program of model village settlement by the government from year 1991. It's true that there are a few hundred thousands of Bengali people in Burma but they are mostly living in central Burma and Mon state. In Arakan state, Bengali population is not more than a few hundreds. Now, day by day Rohingyas are dying and disappearing by hundred from continuous arbitrary arrest, brutal abuses, starvation and lack of medication. Their cattle and goats, farming lands and crops were already taken away by Rakhines while all Rohingya in Arakan are confined within their houses. They can’t escape, they are trapped between the bullets of the authority and the knives of Rakhines. Rakhines are still chanting all over the town to cleans the remaining Rohingyans.

Rohingya Crisis:

There were 176 ethnic groups in Burma during 1923 listed under British so Rohingya and other muslim ethnics were listed with their origin ethnic names. The Rohingya were recognized as an indigenous ethnic community by the Burma’s first prime minister U Sao Shawe Thaik and again repeated the declaration as an indigenous ethnic community of Myanmar by U Nu government in 1954.

In 1962, Ne Win listed 143 ethnic groups, counted muslims from Northern Arakan listed as Cittagongnian race and muslims from Southern Arakan listed as Kaman muslims.

But in 1982 new citizenship Act listed all of them as Bengali or Foreigner and disqualifying them from citizenship. Similarly, others types of Muslims in Burma are also applied similarly. They are also like Rohingyas not allow to recourse to become new citizenship with own identity under the new Citizenship Act.

Estimation to figure out accurate number of the total Arakan population is difficult because the government's immigration figure states just around 4 millions in 2009 that always excludes Rohingya population of both inside and outside. The inclusion of Islam religion in that 4 million figure is just covered Kaman muslims and Rakhine muslims living in Sittwe, Rambre, Minbya, Mrauk Oo, Tandwe and Myebon townships.

Latterly, the various intl reports of estimating around 800,000 Rohingyas is just for Northern Arakan/Rakhine (NRS) that doesn't count the Rohingyas living in Southern Arakan of Sittwe, Kyauktaw, Mrauk Oo, Kyaukpyu and Pauktaw townships.

Total population would be the sum of those excluded number of Rohingyas from both north and south of Arakan and hidden number of recent Bengali Rakhine migrants from Bangladesh and recent Burman settlements. It is no doubt that they all will be made about 7 million.

“In this newspaper report of July 1961, it was written- "National Rohingyans living within Mayu district are, nationals of Union of Myanmar".

Further in exile, Burmese nationalities who seek refuge and championing in human rights, too are opposing the plight of Rohingya and misinforming across the social networks and in various propaganda meetings. When intl communities and developed countries have invested for Burma democratization, such foreign instigation might also be eliminated.

                           Rohingya IDs issued in 1978 written Rohingya ethnicity

It's not untrue that there is no Bengali population in Burma but Bengali population is not more than a few hundreds in Arakan. However, it is also hard to determine whether their ancestral were truly Bengali because for centuries the old Bengal(East Pakistan) and Arakan were well enacted and ruled over each other and there were uncountable exoduses in these two regions, particularly in power transition periods of 957, 1044, 1406, 1544, 1660, 1752, 1775, 1782, 1784, 1785, 1794, 1796, 1798, 1799, 1811, 1930, 1938, and 1942. For eg, (Rohingyans those fled during Burma King Bo Daw invasion of Arakan in 1784 and the revolution in 1794-96 against Burman ruler, were able to returned after British rule installed in 1824 largely happened in 1885. After 80 years so those returnees were second or the third generations of those fled in 1824 and 1796?)¹⁶

From 1992 in Northern Arakan, Rophingyas were compelled to accept white colour “Temporary Registration Cards-TRCs”, locally known as "white cards"- that written Bengali race and that acquired to attain Travelling Permit form(4) for travelling purpose, even village to village. This was nothing but a design to degrade their national status and put them in a state of uncertainty.

Coercion reports of huge payment for attaining travelling permit, taxation in at least eight gates for one way to Sittwe from Maungdaw, arbitrary punishment and fine in case failed to report on time and extortion, were uncountable. Upon arrival in other town, needing again to report at 12 quarters..

                           Displaced Rohingya and Kaman in Arakan/Rakhine state:

There are about 110,000 Rohingyans and Kamans displaced people reside in 13 camps while many thousands joined with relative houses in Sittwe/Akyab township. Additional about 55,000 displaced Rohingyas and Kamans who are left to unreachable by aid workers in eight other different towns are left to unknown. The rest of Rohingya and Kaman population total about a million are also still confined and facing constant abuses.

While Rakhine children are freely attending the government schools, the Rohingya youths those teaching Rohingya kids, distribute rations, translate language, provide medical assisitance in concentration camps, are instantly targeted by camp authorities. Therefore many Rohingya youths were fled into neighbouring countries.

Displaced Rohingya refugees in Sittwe debris areas had to struggle in raining season and day night they wet- the waters raised up to one feet so they wet day or night whenever rain began.

Rohingya Situation in Exile:

Existing tyrannical persecutions in home country, drives nearly a million of Rohingya people into neighbouring countries from the past 5 decades and they became Burma's first refugees. As a result of similar problems they face in transit countries and remain unwanted anywhere, some of them risked their lives through secondary migration to developed countries and plus a few numbers resettled through UNHCR but only from 2001. Today Rohingya refugees can be seen in Bangladesh, Malaysia, Indonesia, Brunei, Singapore, Thailand, Cambodia India, Pakistan, KSA, UAE, USA, British, Canada, Norway, Denmark, Germany, Sweden, France, Finland, Australia, Japan, Korea, China and some transferee Rohingyan refugees in Nauru and PGN pacific island nations.

Infiltration and Total Boats Sank in International Waters from June 2012¹⁷:

According to UNHCR, from the beginning of violence from 2012 June, total about 95,000 of Rohingyas and Kamans have been crossed into neighboring countries.

In Thailand: the number of Rohingya boat people languishing in the custody of the Thai authorities, assisted by IOM, reached a peak of over 2,000 people by end of 2013, plus existing hidden number of about 40,000 Rohingyas including many in various slave labours .

In Malaysia: area based leaders estimate about 45,000 Rohingyas and Kaman living since earlier of 1990 where about 3,000 are recent arrivals through the borders but recorded only five boat arrivals including Singapore turn away boat¹⁸ from Decmeber 2012.

In Bangladesh: at least 40,000 Rohingyas and Kaman displaced refugees crossed into Bangladesh and therefore the border guards pushed them back in many occassion and resulting more than one thousand drown to death in about total 15 boats. Existing number of more than 300,000 Rohingya refugees including overcrowdedly living about 40,000 in UNHCR runs squalid refugee camps of Kutupalong and Nayapara in southern district of Cox’s Bazar, have been there from the past three decades. Rohingyans those living outside the camps are never counted as reufgess. The UNHCR has resettled less than thousand Rohingyas from the registered camps since the year 2006. The enormous problems in Bangladesh are direct impacts on vulnerable Rohingya refugees in Bangladesh and the government accuses intl communites for keeping the Rohingya matter alive.

In Indonesia: there are about a thousand in detention custodies and the rest other more than 2,000 Rohingyas and Burmese muslims are somehow living in various locations. And Resettlement of the Rohingya refugees to Australia began from the end of 2011.

In KSA: Rohingya refugees arrived during 1942, 1978, 1992 numbered about 500,000 and the majority living in Mecca’s slums of (Naqqasha and Kudai) and Jeddah. The government has subsequently announce to issued tempo-visa but never been materialized.

In India: The Rohingya refugees living in India are never appeared publicly but a group of 1,500 Rohingya displaced in Hyderabad city came to highlight¹⁹.

In Cambodia: According to JRS, there are 17 recognized Rohingya refugees and four still seeking status by June 2013 while others have moved on.²⁰

Conclusion:

The world most persecuted Rohingya issue remains unsettled ever even in exile. Whenever the Rohingya issues recurred sporadically, it has been put to deal with human trafficking measure. The neighboring countries do not find further option accept from sending back into the danger of where they came from.

Therefore, it is the time that the UN and its super power countries are in position to interfere by deploying intl peace keeping forces in order to ensure to guarantee the dignity and rights and the continuous co-existences of Rohingya in Arakan State. And elimination of all forms of abuses, discrimination and humiliation against Rohingya in the same time.

Rohingya people have been occasionally facing gross human rights violations that are also part of the government's responsibility for strucking-off of Rohingya citizenship right under 1982-new illegal citizenship law based on the changes of Rakhine state from Arakan state in 1974. Unlike we understand, the rejection of Rohingya is not relevant on settlement prior to 1948 or 1824 because Rohingyas do have sufficient evidences. But the rejection is based on the twist of Arakan to Rakhine because Arakan or Arakanese comprised all inhabitants within her when the term Rakhine only represent Rakhine people.

The atrocities committed by military generals and their people are never taken into account and somehow in some cases as a result of intl pressures the government just formed Inquiry Commission and Human Rights Commission by its own people in order to favour intl communities but was fully conspiracy like it responded for Depayin Massacre of 30 May 2003 and Sept 2007 Saffron Revolution. Therefore relying on the falsehood government will be additional negligence of the humanitarian crises across the country. The issues of ethnic cleansing against minorities in Burma have been well known to the intl communities therefore the world mechanism body like UN has yet to take appropriate action and to end the humanitarian crisis across the country because the quasi-civilian ruler just praising in the name of the so call democracy transition and allowing open genocide filed. Nevertheless, the flows of refugees in transit countries will be remained alive.

There is no other option except from foreign intervention. We don't know how long they have to suffer continuously. We don't know how many more lives would be lost.. All aid supplies are reached to government designated relief centres where authority places perpetrator Rakhine family members only. Burmese authorities do not bother to oppress remaining Rohingya people on the absence of United Nation's effective representation. Today Rohingya have no place in Burma.

The UN's binding resolutions will only enable to ease the Arakan crises therefore, this matter of Rohingya is directly requires UN's effective intervention urgently. There is in need of United Nation and international communities to directly monitor the situation. International communities including the world leaders need to take against the Burmese government and its partisans those involved in crimes against humanity that would enable to restore Law and Order and to share equal rights of native Rohingya people including their citizenship right.

References:
18 Malaysia takes in 40 Rohingya shipwreck survivors
19 Rohingya exiles struggle to survive in India

1Growing up a Proud Racist in Burma By Maung Zarni

2http://www.ndphr.net/p/ongoing-genocidal-attacks-in-arakan.html

3http://www.ndphr.net/p/continuous-attacks-from-21-oct-2012.html

4'Burmese Bin Laden' Buddhist Monk Wirathu

5 http://article.wn.com/view/2012/10/25/At_least_56_dead_in_new_ethnic_violence_in_Myanmar/#/video

6 http://kaladanpress.com/2012/11/19/rakhines-again-set-on-fire-rohingya-village-in-maungdaw-south/

7 Myanmar government paves another way to expel all Arakanese muslims

8 http://www.rohingyablogger.com/2013/01/breaking-news-70-families-escaping.html

9 RFA: Helicopters open fire in the sea killed 3 of 6 boats load of Rohingya refugees fleeing sectarian violence from Sittwe.

10 Waiting For Hope : List of Rohingya died from starvation in Kyauktaw, Minbya and Mrauk U

11 http://www.ndphr.net/2013/02/burmese-authority-supplies-guns-to.html

12 http://www.ndphr.net/2012/07/burmese-newspaper-of-21-july-reported.html

13 http://www.mayupress.net/2013/03/24/police-seized-huge-guns-of-rakhine-thugs-in-arakan-76346/

14 http://www.ndphr.net/2013/02/update-news-of-arakan.html

15 http://kaladanpress.blog.com/2012/11/08/burmese-army-arrest-17-rakhines-in-maungdaw/

16 Rohingya Plights (1784-2001)

17 http://www.ndphr.net/p/boatpeople.html

20ROHINGYA REFUGEES IN CAMBODIA JUNE 2013 BRIEF